๐Ÿ““GRE General/Top 100 Vocabulary
GRE Vocabulary

GRE Top 100 Vocabulary Words

The 100 hardest and most frequently tested GRE vocabulary words. Each entry includes the part of speech, a precise definition, an example sentence at GRE-level complexity, and the complete word family.

100 words ยท Part of speech ยท Definition ยท Example ยท Word family

How GRE tests vocabulary: The GRE Verbal Reasoning section includes Text Completion and Sentence Equivalence questions that require precise knowledge of rare and nuanced vocabulary. Unlike the SAT, GRE vocabulary skews toward formal, archaic, and Latinate words rarely used in everyday speech. Knowing subtle distinctions between near-synonyms is critical.
#WordPart of SpeechDefinitionExample SentenceWord Family
1aberrantadjectiveDeparting from the normal or accepted standard; deviant.The scientist dismissed the aberrant data point as a likely artifact of measurement error.aberrant / aberrance / aberration / aberrantly
2abscondverbTo leave hurriedly and secretly, typically to avoid detection or arrest.The treasurer absconded with the organization's funds before the audit was conducted.abscond / absconder / absconded
3acrimonynounBitterness or ill feeling, especially in speech or manner.The negotiations collapsed amid acrimony, with each side blaming the other for the breakdown.acrimony / acrimonious / acrimoniously
4adumbrateverbTo report or represent in outline; to indicate faintly; to overshadow.The first chapter adumbrates themes that are developed fully only in the novel's final act.adumbrate / adumbration / adumbrative
5amalgamateverbTo combine or unite to form one organization or structure.The two research institutes amalgamated to pool resources and eliminate redundancy.amalgamate / amalgamation / amalgamated
6anachronisticadjectiveBelonging to a period other than that being portrayed; outdated.The argument's reliance on pre-industrial economic assumptions strikes modern economists as anachronistic.anachronistic / anachronism / anachronistically
7antipathynounA deep-seated feeling of dislike or aversion.His antipathy toward authority figures shaped his entire approach to institutional life.antipathy / antipathetic / antipathetically
8apocryphaladjectiveOf doubtful authenticity; widely circulated but unlikely to be true.Most historians regard the story as apocryphal, invented long after the events it purports to describe.apocryphal / apocryphally / apocrypha
9approbationnounApproval or praise.The committee gave its approbation to the revised proposal, clearing the path for funding.approbation / approbatory / approbate
10archaicadjectiveVery old or old-fashioned; belonging to an earlier period.The archaic syntax of the original legal document makes it nearly impossible for non-specialists to parse.archaic / archaism / archaically / archaize
11arduousadjectiveInvolving or requiring strenuous effort; difficult and tiring.The arduous fieldwork involved months of data collection in remote and inhospitable terrain.arduous / arduously / arduousness
12artlessadjectiveWithout guile or deception; natural and simple; without skill.Her artless candor about the limitations of her research disarmed even her harshest critics.artless / artlessly / artlessness / artful
13asceticadjective/nounCharacterized by severe self-discipline and abstention from all forms of indulgence.The philosopher lived an ascetic existence, rejecting material comfort in the pursuit of contemplative life.ascetic / asceticism / ascetically
14assiduousadjectiveShowing great care, attention, and effort; diligent and persistent.Her assiduous preparation for the oral examination was evident in the precision of her answers.assiduous / assiduously / assiduousness / assiduity
15beguileverbTo charm or enchant; to deceive or trick into doing something.The vendor beguiled tourists with elaborate stories about the supposed antiquity of his wares.beguile / beguiling / beguilingly / beguilement
16believerbTo give a false impression of; to fail to justify.His calm demeanor belied the anxiety he felt about the impending publication of the results.belie / belied / belying
17bucolicadjectiveRelating to the pleasant aspects of the countryside and rural life.The passage evokes a bucolic ideal of rural England that the author contrasts with the grime of industrial cities.bucolic / bucolically
18burgeonverbTo begin to grow or increase rapidly; to flourish.The field of computational biology has burgeoned since the sequencing of the human genome.burgeon / burgeoning / burgeoned
19cacophonousadjectiveInvolving or producing a harsh, discordant mixture of sounds.The committee meeting became a cacophonous assembly of competing arguments and interruptions.cacophonous / cacophony / cacophonously
20calumnynounThe making of false and defamatory statements; slander.The politician responded to the calumny with documentary evidence refuting each accusation.calumny / calumnious / calumniously / calumniate
21censurenoun/verbThe expression of formal disapproval; to express severe criticism of.The committee voted to censure the official for his repeated failures to disclose financial interests.censure / censurable / censuring
22chicanerynounThe use of trickery to achieve one's purpose.The investigation exposed the chicanery at the heart of the organization's financial reporting.chicanery / chicane / chicaneries
23circumlocutionnounThe use of many words where fewer would do; evasive or indirect speech.The witness's circumlocution frustrated the examiner, who demanded direct answers.circumlocution / circumlocutory / circumlocutious
24cogentadjectiveClear, logical, and convincing; powerfully persuasive.The brief presented a cogent argument that the statute violated the constitutional separation of powers.cogent / cogency / cogently
25commensurateadjectiveCorresponding in size or degree; proportionate.Salary increases were not commensurate with the additional responsibilities placed on junior staff.commensurate / commensurately / commensurability
26compendiumnounA collection of concise but detailed information; a summary.The volume serves as a compendium of current knowledge on quantum computing applications.compendium / compendious / compendiously
27contentiousadjectiveCausing or likely to cause an argument; controversial.The redistricting proposal proved contentious, drawing sharp objections from both parties.contentious / contentiousness / contentiously / contention
28contriteadjectiveFeeling or expressing remorse at the recognition of one's wrongdoing.The author's contrite tone in the preface acknowledges the significant errors in the first edition.contrite / contritely / contrition / contriteness
29convolutedadjectiveExtremely complex and difficult to follow; intricately coiled.The convoluted legal argument confused the jury, who asked the judge for clarification on three occasions.convoluted / convolution / convolutedly / convolve
30corroborateverbTo confirm or give support to a statement, theory, or finding.Independent laboratories corroborated the extraordinary results before they were published.corroborate / corroboration / corroborative / corroborated
31cupiditynounGreed for money or possessions; excessive desire for wealth.The downfall of the firm was attributed largely to the cupidity of its senior executives.cupidity / cupidious
32dearthnounA scarcity or lack of something.There is a notable dearth of longitudinal studies on the long-term cognitive effects of the drug.dearth / dearths
33decorousadjectiveIn keeping with good taste and propriety; polite and restrained.The exchange of views, though spirited, remained decorous throughout the forum.decorous / decorously / decorum / indecorous
34deleteriousadjectiveCausing harm or damage; injurious.Chronic sleep deprivation has deleterious effects on cognitive performance and physical health.deleterious / deleteriously / deleteriousness
35diatribenounA forceful and bitter verbal attack against someone or something.The editorial was widely criticized as a diatribe rather than a balanced analysis.diatribe / diatribes
36didacticadjectiveIntended to teach, particularly in a preachy or moralistic way.The novel's didactic tone undermines its narrative power by spelling out every moral lesson explicitly.didactic / didactically / didacticism / didactics
37diffidentadjectiveModest or shy due to a lack of self-confidence.Despite her extraordinary achievements, the scientist remained diffident about receiving public recognition.diffident / diffidence / diffidently
38dilatoryadjectiveSlow to act; intended to cause delay.The committee's dilatory tactics effectively postponed the vote until the session ended.dilatory / dilatorily / dilatoriness
39discordantadjectiveDisagreeing or incongruous; inharmonious.The discordant results from the two laboratories prompted a third independent investigation.discordant / discordance / discordantly / discord
40disparateadjectiveEssentially different in kind; not comparable.The committee brought together scholars with disparate disciplinary backgrounds.disparate / disparity / disparately / disparateness
41effronterynounInsolent or impertinent behavior; shameless boldness.The delegate had the effrontery to claim credit for a proposal he had initially opposed.effrontery / effronteries
42enervateverbTo cause someone to feel drained of energy or vitality; to weaken.The oppressive humidity enervated the field researchers, reducing their daily productivity.enervate / enervation / enervating / enervated
43enigmaticadjectiveDifficult to interpret or understand; mysterious.The author's enigmatic prose style has inspired wildly divergent critical interpretations.enigmatic / enigmatically / enigma
44equivocateverbTo use ambiguous language to avoid committing oneself; to be deliberately vague.When pressed for a clear answer, the official chose to equivocate rather than take a firm position.equivocate / equivocation / equivocal / equivocating
45eruditeadjectiveHaving or showing great knowledge or learning.The erudite footnotes in the critical edition reveal the editor's exhaustive command of the source material.erudite / eruditely / erudition
46exacerbateverbTo make a problem, bad situation, or negative feeling worse.The policy changes are likely to exacerbate existing disparities in educational opportunity.exacerbate / exacerbation / exacerbated
47excoriateverbTo criticize severely and scathingly; to remove the surface of the skin.The review excoriated the author for his selective use of evidence and misleading framing.excoriate / excoriation / excoriating
48execrateverbTo feel or express great loathing for; to curse.The philosopher's followers execrated those who they believed had distorted his teachings.execrate / execration / execrable / execrably
49exonerateverbTo officially absolve from blame or criminal charges.New forensic evidence exonerated the defendant, who had spent eight years in prison.exonerate / exoneration / exonerative
50exorbitantadjectiveUnreasonably high in price or amount; far beyond what is normal.The exorbitant cost of the specialized equipment delayed the project by two years.exorbitant / exorbitantly / exorbitance
51fawnverbTo give a servile display of exaggerated flattery; to show excessive eagerness to please.The junior staff tended to fawn over visiting dignitaries in a manner that made senior researchers uncomfortable.fawn / fawning / fawningly
52fecklessadjectiveLacking initiative or strength of character; irresponsible.The report characterized the board's oversight as feckless, amounting to a complete abdication of responsibility.feckless / fecklessly / fecklessness
53felicitousadjectiveWell chosen or apt; pleasing and fortunate.The editor's felicitous choice of subtitle captured the book's central argument with elegant brevity.felicitous / felicitously / felicity
54ferventadjectiveHaving or displaying a passionate intensity.A fervent advocate for education reform, she spent two decades lobbying for policy change.fervent / fervency / fervently / fervor
55gainsayverbTo deny or contradict; to speak against or oppose.It is difficult to gainsay the evidence in favor of the intervention when the data are this compelling.gainsay / gainsaid / gainsaying
56garrulousadjectiveExcessively talkative, especially on trivial matters.The garrulous witness made it difficult for the examiner to extract relevant testimony.garrulous / garrulously / garrulousness / garrulity
57grandioseadjectiveImpressively large and elaborate; affectedly grand or ambitious.The grandiose ambition of the proposal was undermined by its lack of a credible implementation plan.grandiose / grandiosely / grandiosity / grandiose
58gratuitousadjectiveUncalled for; lacking good reason; given without payment.The inclusion of gratuitous detail in the report distracted from its central argument.gratuitous / gratuitously / gratuitousness / gratuity
59guilenounSly or cunning intelligence; craftiness.The negotiator used guile rather than force to extract concessions from the opposing delegation.guile / guileful / guilefully / guileless
60haranguenoun/verbA lengthy and aggressive speech; to lecture someone at length in an aggressive manner.The professor's tendency to harangue students who disagreed with him created a hostile classroom atmosphere.harangue / haranguing / harangued
61iconoclastnounA person who attacks cherished beliefs or institutions; one who challenges tradition.The physicist was an iconoclast whose theories challenged decades of accepted wisdom.iconoclast / iconoclastic / iconoclasm / iconoclastically
62impecuniousadjectiveHaving little or no money; poor.Despite her impecunious circumstances, the graduate student produced a doctoral thesis of extraordinary quality.impecunious / impecuniously / impecuniousness
63imperturbableadjectiveUnable to be upset or excited; calm and composed.The diplomat's imperturbable demeanor allowed her to conduct negotiations under extreme pressure.imperturbable / imperturbably / imperturbability / perturbable
64impetuousadjectiveActing or done quickly and without thought or care; impulsive.The impetuous decision to publish preliminary results before replication cost the researcher her credibility.impetuous / impetuously / impetuosity
65impugnverbTo dispute the truth, validity, or honesty of; to call into question.The defense attorney sought to impugn the witness's credibility by highlighting inconsistencies in her testimony.impugn / impugned / impugning
66imputeverbTo attribute or ascribe something, especially something undesirable, to a cause.The failure of the project was imputed to poor planning and a lack of adequate resources.impute / imputation / imputed / imputable
67inchoateadjectiveJust begun and not fully formed or developed; rudimentary.The theory remains inchoate, lacking the formal mathematical framework needed for rigorous testing.inchoate / inchoately / inchoateness
68inimicaladjectiveTending to obstruct or harm; unfriendly; hostile.An environment inimical to free expression tends to produce conformity rather than innovation.inimical / inimically
69inveterateadjectiveHaving a particular habit, activity, or interest that is deeply established; confirmed.An inveterate skeptic, the editor subjected every submitted manuscript to the same rigorous scrutiny.inveterate / inveterately / inveteracy
70irascibleadjectiveHaving or showing a tendency to be easily angered; irritable.The irascible temperament of the department chair made it difficult to raise concerns at faculty meetings.irascible / irascibly / irascibility
71laconicadjectiveUsing very few words; brief and concise.The committee's laconic statement โ€” 'insufficient evidence' โ€” ended years of costly litigation.laconic / laconically / laconicism
72lassitudenounPhysical or mental weariness; lack of energy.Chronic lassitude is one of the most commonly reported symptoms in patients with the condition.lassitude / lassitudes
73laudverbTo praise highly; to extol.Critics lauded the novel for its psychological depth and its prose style.laud / laudable / laudatory / laudably
74loquaciousadjectiveTending to talk a great deal; talkative.The loquacious witness provided far more detail than the court required.loquacious / loquaciously / loquaciousness / loquacity
75mendaciousadjectiveNot telling the truth; lying.The commission concluded that the official's testimony had been mendacious on at least three occasions.mendacious / mendaciously / mendaciousness / mendacity
76misanthropenounA person who dislikes humankind and avoids human society.The satirist's writing is marked by the perspective of a misanthrope who nonetheless believes in human potential.misanthrope / misanthropic / misanthropy / misanthropically
77mitigateverbTo make less severe, serious, or painful; to lessen.Early intervention can significantly mitigate the long-term consequences of childhood poverty.mitigate / mitigation / mitigative / unmitigated
78nefariousadjectiveWicked, criminal, or extremely morally wrong.The scheme was described in court as the most nefarious financial fraud in the company's history.nefarious / nefariously / nefariousness
79obdurateadjectiveStubbornly refusing to change one's opinion; hardened against persuasion.The committee remained obdurate in its refusal to reconsider the decision despite new evidence.obdurate / obdurately / obduracy
80obsequiousadjectiveObedient or attentive to an excessive or servile degree.The obsequious praise heaped upon the director by his subordinates undermined honest feedback.obsequious / obsequiously / obsequiousness
81obtuseadjectiveAnnoyingly insensitive or slow to understand; blunt.His obtuse response to the criticism suggested he had not read the objections carefully.obtuse / obtusely / obtuseness
82odiousadjectiveExtremely unpleasant; repulsive.The passage describes the character's odious behavior with barely concealed moral condemnation.odious / odiously / odiousness / odium
83onerousadjectiveInvolving a great deal of effort, trouble, or difficulty; burdensome.The reporting requirements attached to the grant proved onerous for smaller research organizations.onerous / onerously / onerousness
84ossifyverbTo turn into bone; to cease developing; to become rigid or fixed.Without periodic reassessment, institutional practices tend to ossify into rigid bureaucratic routines.ossify / ossification / ossified / ossifying
85ostracizeverbTo exclude from society or a group by common consent.The scientist was effectively ostracized by the academic community after publishing highly controversial findings.ostracize / ostracism / ostracized
86parsimoniousadjectiveExcessively unwilling to spend money or use resources; miserly.The agency's parsimonious approach to funding left many worthwhile projects without support.parsimonious / parsimoniousness / parsimoniously / parsimony
87paucitynounThe presence of something only in small or insufficient quantities; scarcity.A paucity of primary sources makes it difficult to reconstruct the events of this obscure period.paucity / paucities
88pedanticadjectiveExcessively concerned with minor details or rules; over-attentive to formalism.The reviewer's pedantic focus on formatting issues distracted attention from the substantive arguments.pedantic / pedantically / pedantry / pedant
89perfidiousadjectiveDeceitful and untrustworthy; guilty of betrayal.The passage portrays the envoy as a perfidious figure who secretly reported to both sides.perfidious / perfidiously / perfidy
90perspicaciousadjectiveHaving a ready insight into things; shrewd; having keen perception.A perspicacious reader will notice the inconsistency in the author's framing of the evidence.perspicacious / perspicaciously / perspicacity
91petulantadjectiveChildishly sulky or bad-tempered; irritable.The petulant response of the panelist to mild criticism was noted by other members of the audience.petulant / petulantly / petulance
92philippicnounA bitter verbal attack; a tirade.The op-ed read less as analysis and more as a philippic against the administration's science policy.philippic / philippics
93placidadjectiveNot easily upset or excited; calm and peaceful.The researcher's placid acceptance of negative results impressed her colleagues.placid / placidly / placidity
94platitudenounA remark or statement that is unoriginal and has been made so often it is no longer interesting.The report's conclusion amounted to little more than a collection of platitudes about the need for 'dialogue.'platitude / platitudinous / platitudinously
95plethoranounA large or excessive amount of something.There is a plethora of studies on this topic, but few employ rigorous causal identification strategies.plethora / plethoric
96polemicnoun/adjectiveA strong verbal or written attack on someone's opinions; of or involving such an attack.The book is better read as a polemic than as a dispassionate scholarly analysis.polemic / polemical / polemically / polemicist
97pragmaticadjectiveDealing with things sensibly and realistically rather than theoretically.A pragmatic compromise was eventually reached that satisfied neither side fully but ended the impasse.pragmatic / pragmatism / pragmatist / pragmatically
98presumptuousadjectiveFailing to observe the limits of what is appropriate; overconfident.It would be presumptuous to draw sweeping conclusions from a single pilot study.presumptuous / presumptuously / presumptuousness / presume
99prodigaladjectiveSpending money or resources freely and recklessly; wastefully extravagant.The department's prodigal expenditure on equipment could not be sustained when budgets tightened.prodigal / prodigally / prodigality
100proliferateverbTo increase rapidly in number; to multiply.Online misinformation tends to proliferate during periods of public uncertainty.proliferate / proliferation / proliferating / proliferous
101propitiousadjectiveGiving or indicating a good chance of success; favorable.The researchers considered the political climate propitious for pursuing regulatory reform.propitious / propitiously / propitiousness
102querulousadjectiveComplaining in a petulant or whining manner.The querulous tone of the correspondence suggests the author had grown frustrated with repeated rejections.querulous / querulously / querulousness
103recalcitrantadjectiveHaving an obstinately uncooperative attitude; stubbornly resistant.The recalcitrant institution refused to share its data despite repeated requests from the oversight body.recalcitrant / recalcitrance / recalcitrantly
104reconditeadjectiveNot known by many people; obscure and abstruse.The footnotes reference recondite sources that few readers outside the specialist community would recognize.recondite / reconditely / reconditeness
105relegateverbTo assign to an inferior or less important position; to demote.The reviewer suggested that the entire third chapter should be relegated to an appendix.relegate / relegation / relegated
106remonstrateverbTo make a protest; to say or plead in protest.Several faculty members remonstrated with the dean over the abrupt termination of the research program.remonstrate / remonstration / remonstrative / remonstrance
107repudiateverbTo refuse to accept or be associated with; to deny the truth of.The university formally repudiated the findings of the retracted study.repudiate / repudiation / repudiated
108sagaciousadjectiveHaving or showing keen mental discernment and good judgment; wise.A sagacious observer would have recognized the systemic risks well before the crisis became apparent.sagacious / sagacity / sagaciously
109sanguineadjectiveOptimistic, especially in a difficult situation; blood-red in color.Analysts were more sanguine about the economic outlook than the central bank's cautious projections suggested.sanguine / sanguinely / sanguinity
110solipsisticadjectiveRelating to the philosophical idea that only oneself exists; extremely self-centered.The narrator's solipsistic perspective means the reader only ever receives a partial picture of events.solipsistic / solipsism / solipsist / solipsistically
111speciousadjectiveSuperficially plausible but actually wrong; misleadingly attractive.The argument had a specious logic that initially persuaded several members of the panel.specious / speciously / speciousness
112spleneticadjectiveBad-tempered; irritable and quarrelsome.The author's splenetic attacks on his critics reveal more about his insecurity than the quality of the work.splenetic / splenetically / spleen
113spuriousadjectiveNot being what it purports to be; false or fake; not genuine.The review identified several spurious correlations that the original authors had misidentified as causal relationships.spurious / spuriously / spuriousness
114sycophantnounA person who acts obsequiously toward someone in order to gain advantage.The director surrounded himself with sycophants who confirmed his views rather than challenging them.sycophant / sycophantic / sycophancy / sycophantically
115tenuousadjectiveVery weak or slight; lacking a sound basis; flimsy.The connection between the two events proposed by the author is, at best, tenuous.tenuous / tenuously / tenuousness
116tractableadjectiveEasy to deal with; manageable; easy to control.More tractable versions of the problem can be solved in polynomial time.tractable / tractability / tractably / intractable
117vacuousadjectiveHaving or showing a lack of thought or intelligence; empty.The vacuous commentary on the infographic added nothing to the data it purported to explain.vacuous / vacuously / vacuousness / vacuity
118venerateverbTo regard with great respect; to revere.Subsequent generations venerated the scientist whose work had been dismissed as heretical in her lifetime.venerate / veneration / venerable / venerably
119veraciousadjectiveTruthful; habitually speaking the truth.A veracious account of the events must acknowledge both the successes and failures of the program.veracious / veraciously / veracity / veraciousness
120verboseadjectiveUsing or expressed in more words than are needed; wordy.The verbose prose of the original report was condensed significantly for the executive summary.verbose / verbosely / verbosity / verbose
121vitiateverbTo spoil or impair the quality or efficiency of; to destroy or impair the validity of.The sampling bias was so severe that it vitiated the study's conclusions entirely.vitiate / vitiation / vitiated

GRE vocabulary study strategies

Learn roots, prefixes, suffixes

GRE words often share Latin or Greek roots. Knowing that 'bene-' means good, 'mal-' means bad, and '-ity' denotes a state helps you decode unfamiliar words on test day.

Study connotations carefully

GRE Sentence Equivalence requires two synonyms. 'Vacuous' and 'fatuous' are both dismissive but differ in emphasis. Knowing these distinctions is what separates top scorers.

Create your own sentences

Writing your own sentence for each word forces you to understand how it functions grammatically and in context, not just its dictionary definition.

Read widely at an advanced level

Reading The New York Review of Books, academic journals, or classical essays exposes you to GRE-level vocabulary in natural context โ€” the most effective long-term strategy.

Put these words to the test

Take a full-length GRE practice exam with authentic Text Completion and Sentence Equivalence questions.

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